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Resolution No. 2019-046RESOLUTION NO. 2019- A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF VERNON APPROVING AND AUTHORIZING THE EXECUTION OF A MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BY AND BETWEEN THE CITY OF VERNON AND THE CONSOLIDATED FIRE PROTECTION DISTRICT OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY FOR BATTALION CHIEF SERVICES WHEREAS, the City of Vernon (`City") is a municipal corporation and a chartered city of the State of California organized and existing under its Charter and the Constitution of the State of California; and WHEREAS, with the recent retirement of one out of three incumbent Vernon Fire Department Battalion Chiefs, the Interim Fire Chief explored alternative staffing models that could be implemented in an effort to reduce department expenditures and most efficiently and economically provide services to the community during the transitional period until the Consolidated Fire Protection District of Los Angeles County (the "Fire District") assumes the provision of fire protection and related services in the City; and WHEREAS, by memorandum dated October 15, 2019, the City Administrator has recommended the approval of a Memorandum of Understanding ("MOU") with the Fire District, setting forth the terms and conditions under which the Fire District will provide battalion chief response services during non -City business hours for this transition period; and WHEREAS, the City Council of the City of Vernon desires to approve the MOU with the Fire District. NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF VERNON AS FOLLOWS: SECTION 1: The City Council of the City of Vernon hereby finds and determines that the above recitals are true and correct. SECTION 2: The City Council of the City of Vernon finds that this action is exempt from California Environmental Quality Act ("CEQA") review, because it is an administrative action that will not result in direct or indirect physical changes in the environment and, therefore, does not constitute a "project" as defined by CEQA Guidelines section 15378. SECTION 3: The City Council of the City of Vernon hereby approves the Memorandum of Understanding with the Consolidated Fire Protection District of Los Angeles County, in substantially the same form as the copy attached hereto as Exhibit A. SECTION 4: The City Council of the City of Vernon hereby authorizes the City Administrator to execute said MOU for, and on behalf of, the City of Vernon and the City Clerk is hereby authorized to attest thereto. SECTION 5: The City Council of the City of Vernon hereby instructs the City Administrator, or his designee, to take whatever actions are deemed necessary or desirable for the purpose of implementing and carrying out the purposes of this Resolution and the transactions herein approved or authorized, including but not limited to, any non -substantive changes to the MOU attached herein. SECTION 6: The City Council of the City of Vernon hereby directs the City Clerk, or the City Clerk's designee, to send a fully executed Agreement to the Fire District. - 2 - SECTION 7: The City Clerk of the City of Vernon shall certify to the passage, approval and adoption of this resolution, and the City Clerk, of the City of Vernon shall cause this resolution and the City Clerk's certification to be entered in the File of Resolutions of the Council of this City. APPROVED AND ADOPTED this 15hh day of October, 2019. ATTEST:: Lisa M. Pope, City Clerk APPROVED AS TO FORM: Zaynah �u sa, Senior .p puty City Attorney It" ga— Name: M*1i68i'A. Ybarra - 3 - Title: Mayor /-4tepvr-�xrrY STATE OF CALIFORNIA ) ) ss COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES ) I, Lisa M. Pope, City Clerk of the City of Vernon, do hereby certify that the foregoing Resolution, being Resolution No. 2019-46, was duly passed, approved and adopted by the City Council of the City of Vernon at a regular meeting of the City Council duly held on Tuesday, October 15, 2019, and thereafter was duly signed by the Mayor or Mayor Pro-Tem of the City of Vernon. Executed this arday of October, 2019, at Vernon, California. (SEAL) - 4 - Lisa M. Pope, tity Clerk EXHIBIT A MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE CONSOLIDATED FIRE PROTECTION DISTRICT AND THE CITY OF VERNON FOR BATTALION CHIEF SERVICES This Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) is entered into this 21st day of October, 2019, between the Consolidated Fire Protection District of Los Angeles County (FIRE DISTRICT) and the City of Vernon (CITY). WHEREAS, The CITY plans to annex into the FIRE DISTRICT for the provision of fire protection, hazardous materials, emergency medical, and related services within 6-8 months; The FIRE DISTRICT has agreed to provide dispatch services for the CITY starting in October 2019, prior to the transition of full services by the FIRE DISTRICT in 2020; In the interim, the CITY has requested the FIRE DISTRICT begin providing battalion chief responses on all designated emergencies in the CITY, defined herein as any incident in the CITY that the FIRE DISTRICT's response matrix would require a battalion chief response; The FIRE DISTRICT can provide such services to the CITY on a per -response basis through a purchase order issued by the CITY to the FIRE DISTRICT; and The purpose of this MOU is to set out the miscellaneous requirements of a FIRE DISTRICT battalion chief response into the CITY. I. PROVISION OF SERVICES A. The FIRE DISTRICT constantly staffs its Operations Bureau battalion chiefs to oversee station operations on a 24-hour basis. The FIRE DISTRICT agrees to provide a battalion chief response to any incident in the CITY that the FIRE DISTRICT's response matrix requires a battalion chief(s) position be dispatched. The FIRE DISTRICT battalion chief that is available and geographically closest to the CITY incident will be dispatched to respond. B. The CITY may respond its own battalion chief during certain hours. The FIRE DISTRICT will work with the CITY fire chief to modify the response matrix for the CITY to the extent reasonable as requested by the CITY. C. The FIRE DISTRICT battalion chief shall be the incident commander when they arrive on scene, and shall provide continuous incident command and control, thus retaining command until relieved by a CITY battalion chief or the CITY fire chief. D. Any operational details needed to implement this MOU not included in this MOU shall be developed by the fire chiefs of the FIRE DISTRICT and the CITY. Such details shall be recorded in an addendum to this MOU and signed by both fire chiefs of the FIRE DISTRICT and the CITY. The MOU may be amended from time -to -time as mutually agreed between the fire chiefs of the FIRE DISTRICT and the CITY. PERSONNEL All persons employed by the FIRE DISTRICT in the performance of the services provided pursuant to this MOU shall be FIRE DISTRICT employees, and no person employed hereunder by the FIRE DISTRICT shall have any CITY pension, Civil Service, or other status or right of the CITY. The CITY shall not be called upon to assume any liability for the payment of any salaries, wages or other compensation to any FIRE DISTRICT personnel performing any services hereunder for the CITY, nor shall the CITY assume any liability other than that specifically provided for in this MOU. The CITY shall not be liable for any compensation or indemnity to any FIRE DISTRICT employee for injury or sickness arising out of his or her employment. 9XV11201 A. The FIRE DISTRICT shall be compensated for the battalion chief responses at a rate of $218.81 per response (per response rate). Such compensation shall be applicable whenever a FIRE DISTRICT battalion chief arrives on scene in the CITY. In large-scale events where multiple battalion chiefs are required, the CITY shall pay the per response rate for each battalion chief arriving on scene. B. For each dispatched call that is cancelled en -route prior to the battalion chief arriving on scene, there will be no charge to the CITY. C. The CITY shall issue a purchase order to the FIRE DISTRICT for an estimated number of responses that will require a battalion chief response through June 2020. The CITY and the FIRE DISTRICT will work together to modify the purchase order if the service needs to extend beyond June 30, 2020, or the number of responses needs to be increased. D. By or about the Wh of each month, the FIRE DISTRICT will bill the CITY for the number of responses a battalion chief arrived on scene for the preceding month as determined using the FIRE DISTRICT's incident reporting system and confirmed by the FIRE DISTRICT's Planning Division. If the calls are less than 5, the FIRE DISTRICT may elect to hold the billing until there is a cumulative number of responses that exceed 5 before billing the CITY. Payment of all invoices under this MOU shall be due and payable by CITY within thirty (30) days from the date of invoice. E. If this MOU is amended to be carried over to next fiscal year (after July 1, 2020). the per response rate shall be adjusted to reflect the current rate for a FIRE DISTRICT battalion chief. IV. CORRESPONDENCE Invoices shall be sent to the CITY at: City of Vernon ATTN: Jim Enriquez, Interim Fire Chief 4305 Santa Fe Ave. Vernon, CA 90058 General notices shall be sent to the CITY at: City of Vernon ATTN: Carlos Fandino, City Administrator 4305 Santa Fe Ave. Vernon, CA 90058 Payments shall be sent to the FIRE DISTRICT at: Los Angeles County Fire Department PO Box 54740 Los Angeles, CA 90054-0740 General notices shall be sent to the FIRE DISTRICT at: Fire Chief Daryl L. Osby Los Angeles County Fire Department 1320 North Eastern Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90063-3294 Either party shall notify the other, in writing, of an address change. V. INDEMNIFICATION A. Neither party shall be liable for the negligent or wrongful acts of the other in the performance of this MOU. B. The CITY agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the FIRE DISTRICT and the County of Los Angeles, their agencies, officers, and employees from any and all demands, liabilities, expenses and claims for damages of any nature whatsoever including, but not limited to, bodily injury, death, personal injury or property damage, including reasonable attorney's fees, arising from the CITY's operations or its services in the performance of this MOU. C. The FIRE DISTRICT agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the CITY, its agents, officers, and employees from any and all demands, liabilities, expenses and claims for damages of any nature whatsoever including, but not limited to, bodily injury, death, personal injury or property damage, including reasonable attorney's fees, arising from the FIRE DISTRICT's operations or its services in the performance of this MOU. D. Government Code §895.6 shall not apply here. VI. TERM This MOU shall be effective as of 8 a.m. on October 21, , 2019, and remain operative and effective through June 30, 2020, or until the purchase order from the CITY is terminated or out of allotted responses, whichever date is earliest. VII. LIMITATIONS A. Neither this MOU, nor any provisions herein contained, shall be construed or considered for any purpose to constitute a third -party beneficiary agreement or create any duty or duties in favor of any such third party. B. Any amendment to this MOU shall be in writing and signed by both parties hereto. CONSOLIDATED FIRE PROTECTION DISTRICT OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY By Daryl L. Osby, Fire Chief CITY OF VERNON By Carlos R. Fandino, Jr., City Administrator DATE DATE AGREEMENT NOT EXECUTED BY CONSOLIDATED FIRE PROTECTION DISTRICT OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY FOR BATTALION CHIEF SERVICES *PLEASE SEE AMENDMENT NO. 1 APPROVED BY THE DIRECTOR OF FINANCE ON 07/01/2020 PARTIALLY EXECUTED AGREEMENT CONTRACTOR: Los Angeles County CONTRACT PURPOSE: Countv of Los Angeles for Fire Battalion Chief Services CONTRACT IS: O FEDERAL ❑ PREVAILING WAGE ❑ COMPETITIVE SELECTION & NOTICED RFP ❑ COMPETITIVE BID & NOTICED INVITATION TO BID ❑ EXEMPT FROM COMPETITIVE PROCESS (APPROVAL ATTACHED) X SERVICES 0 MATERIALS ❑ BUDGETED X NOT BUDGETED TOTAL CONTRACT VALUE: $269,700.00 Charge Acct. No(s) 011.1033.596200 Amendment Value $ ❑ Contract is an Amendment to Eden Contract No. (if applicable) RESPONSIBLE DEPARTMENT PERSON: Diana Figueroa PHONE: ext. 570 AUTHORIZATION: X Approved by Council on 10/15/19 (Check one and attach Resolution No. 201946 (if applicable) supporting documentation) ❑ Approved by City Administrator on ❑ Approved by Assistant Finance Director on ROUTING SEQUENCE: (Please Follow In Order) Initials Date (I) Responsible Department Person Certifies compliance with Competitive Bidding and Purchasing Ordinance, obtains approval from City Council/City Administrator/Finance Director, and obtains approval as to form from the City Attorney's Office, assembles two (2) originals of contract, obtains proper signatures from contractor/consultant pursuant to the signature requirements, obtains insurance & bond documents, notifies IT to remove related RFP/bid notice from the City's website (if applicable), enters contract into Eden once routing process is complete. (2) Liability and Claims Q'/1 �q Approves insurance and sureties, if bonds required. IVAA d (�dv/— • 1 (3) Flamm (Purchasing) Checks compliance with Competitive Bidding & Living Wage Ordinances r� / and reflected in current budget. (4) City Attorney Approves contract as to form. (5) City Signatory Signs document on behalf of City. (6) City Clerk Attests signatures, numbers and files contract, enters contract documents (executed contract, supporting documentation, insurance and bonds, etc.) into Laserfiche, transmits duplicate original to contractor/consultant, notifies Responsible Department Person, and notifies any "consultant" of duties to file Form 700, if applicable. Rev. N 17 MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE CONSOLIDATED FIRE PROTECTION DISTRICT AND THE CITY OF VERNON FOR BATTALION CHIEF SERVICES This Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) is entered into this 21st day of October, 2019, between the Consolidated Fire Protection District of Los Angeles County (FIRE DISTRICT) and the City of Vernon (CITY). WHEREAS, The CITY plans to annex into the FIRE DISTRICT for the provision of fire protection, hazardous materials, emergency medical, and related services within 6-8 months; The FIRE DISTRICT has agreed to provide dispatch services for the CITY starting in October 2019, prior to the transition of full services by the FIRE DISTRICT in 2020; In the interim, the CITY has requested the FIRE DISTRICT begin providing battalion chief responses on all designated emergencies in the CITY, defined herein as any incident in the CITY that the FIRE DISTRICT's response matrix would require a battalion chief response; The FIRE DISTRICT can provide such services to the CITY on a per -response basis through a purchase order issued by the CITY to the FIRE DISTRICT; and The purpose of this MOU is to set out the miscellaneous requirements of a FIRE DISTRICT battalion chief response into the CITY. I. PROVISION OF SERVICES A. The FIRE DISTRICT constantly staffs its Operations Bureau battalion chiefs to oversee station operations on a 24-hour basis. The FIRE DISTRICT agrees to provide a battalion chief response to any incident in the CITY that the FIRE DISTRICT's response matrix requires a battalion chief(s) position be dispatched. The FIRE DISTRICT battalion chief that is available and geographically closest to the CITY incident will be dispatched to respond. B. The CITY may respond its own battalion chief during certain hours. The FIRE DISTRICT will work with the CITY fire chief to modify the response matrix for the CITY to the extent reasonable as requested by the CITY. C. The FIRE DISTRICT battalion chief shall be the incident commander when they arrive on scene, and shall provide continuous incident command and control, thus retaining command until relieved by a CITY battalion chief or the CITY fire chief. D. Any operational details needed to implement this MOU not included in this MOU shall be developed by the fire chiefs of the FIRE DISTRICT and the CITY. Such details shall be recorded in an addendum to this MOU and signed by both fire chiefs of the FIRE DISTRICT and the CITY. The MOU may be amended from time -to -time as mutually agreed between the fire chiefs of the FIRE DISTRICT and the CITY. PERSONNEL All persons employed by the FIRE DISTRICT in the performance of the services provided pursuant to this MOU shall be FIRE DISTRICT employees, and no person employed hereunder by the FIRE DISTRICT shall have any CITY pension, Civil Service, or other status or right of the CITY. The CITY shall not be called upon to assume any liability for the payment of any salaries, wages or other compensation to any FIRE DISTRICT personnel performing any services hereunder for the CITY, nor shall the CITY assume any liability other than that specifically provided for in this MOU. The CITY shall not be liable for any compensation or indemnity to any FIRE DISTRICT employee for injury or sickness arising out of his or her employment. III. PAYMENT A. The FIRE DISTRICT shall be compensated for the battalion chief responses at a rate of $218.81 per response (per response rate). Such compensation shall be applicable whenever a FIRE DISTRICT battalion chief arrives on scene in the CITY. In large-scale events where multiple battalion chiefs are required, the CITY shall pay the per response rate for each battalion chief arriving on scene. B. For each dispatched call that is cancelled en -route prior to the battalion chief arriving on scene, there will be no charge to the CITY. C. The CITY shall issue a purchase order to the FIRE DISTRICT for an estimated number of responses that will require a battalion chief response through June 2020. The CITY and the FIRE DISTRICT will work together to modify the purchase order if the service needs to extend beyond June 30, 2020, or the number of responses needs to be increased. D. By or about the 201" of each month, the FIRE DISTRICT will bill the CITY for the number of responses a battalion chief arrived on scene for the preceding month as determined using the FIRE DISTRICT's incident reporting system and confirmed by the FIRE DISTRICT's Planning Division. If the calls are less than 5, the FIRE DISTRICT may elect to hold the billing until there is a cumulative number of responses that exceed 5 before billing the CITY. Payment of all invoices under this MOU shall be due and payable by CITY within thirty (30) days from the date of invoice. E. If this MOU is amended to be carried over to next fiscal year (after July 1, 2020), the per response rate shall be adjusted to reflect the current rate for a FIRE DISTRICT battalion chief. ITI Invoices shall be sent to the CITY at: City of Verson ATTN: Jim Enriquez, Interim Fire Chief 4305 Santa Fe Ave. Vernon, CA 90058 General notices shall be sent to the CITY at: City of Vernon ATTN: Carlos Fandino, City Administrator 4305 Santa Fe Ave. Vernon, CA 90058 Payments shall be sent to the FIRE DISTRICT at: Los Angeles County Fire Department PO Box 54740 Los Angeles, CA 90054-0740 General notices shall be sent to the FIRE DISTRICT at: Fire Chief Daryl L. Osby Los Angeles County Fire Department 1320 North Easters Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90063-3294 Either party shall notify the other, in writing, of an address change. V. INDEMNIFICATION A. Neither party shall be liable for the negligent or wrongful acts of the other in the performance of this MOU. B. The CITY agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the FIRE DISTRICT and the County of Los Angeles, their agencies, officers, and employees from any and all demands, liabilities, expenses and claims for damages of any nature whatsoever including, but not limited to, bodily injury, death, personal injury or property damage, including reasonable attomey s fees, arising from the CITY's operations or its services in the performance of this MOU. C. The FIRE DISTRICT agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the CITY, its agents, officers, and employees from any and all demands, liabilities, expenses and claims for damages of any nature whatsoever including, but not limited to, bodily injury, death, personal injury or property damage, including reasonable attorney's fees, arising from the FIRE DISTRICT's operations or its services in the performance of this MOU. D. Government Code §895.6 shall not apply here. VI. TERM This MOU shall be effective as of 8 a.m. on October 21, , 2019, and remain operative and effective through June 30, 2020, or until the purchase order from the CITY is terminated or out of allotted responses, whichever date is earliest. VII. LIMITATIONS A. Neither this MOU, nor any provisions herein contained, shall be construed or considered for any purpose to constitute a third -party beneficiary agreement or create any duty or duties in favor of any such third party. B. Any amendment to this MOU shall be in writing and signed by both parties hereto. CONSOLIDATED FIRE PROTECTION DISTRICT OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY By Daryl L. Osby, Fire Chief CITY OF VERNON By Z�g eeq "Ifarios R. Fandino ., City Administrator DATE DATE O Z ATTEST* Lisa Pope, City Clerk AP O D AS TO 02N: rti W HeW Pa t Attorney STAFF REPORT AGENDAAPPROVED 10/15/19, SD City Council Agenda Item Report Agenda Item No. COV-456-2019 Submitted by: Michael Earl Submitting Department: City Administration Meeting Date: October 15, 2019 SUBJECT A Resolution Approving and Authorizing the Execution of a Memorandum of Understanding by and between the City of Vernon and the Consolidated Fit Protection District of the County of Los Angeles for Fie Battalion Chief Services Recommendation: A. Find that the approval of the proposed action is exempt from California Environmental Quality Act ('UEQA') review, because it's an administrative activity that will rot result in duct or indirect physical changes in the environment and therefore does not constitute a `project" as defined by CEQA Guidelines Section 15378; and B. Adopt the attached resolution approving and awborbing the execution of a Memorandun of Understanding by and between the City of Vernon and the Consolidated Five Protection District of the County of Los Angeles for Fie Battalion Chief Services. Background: Effective October 6, 2019, one ofthree Battalion Chief positions became vacant due to a retiement. With the vacancy, the Interim Fie Chef has explored alternative staffing modes that could be implemented in an effort to reduce departnrent expenditures and most efficiently and economically provide services to the community during the transitional period until the Fie Protection District of Los Angeles County assumes the provision of Five protection services in the City of Vernon. Based on the low volume of calls requiring a response of a Battalion Chief and as the City of Vernon Five Department romps up to transition into the Los Angeles County Fie District operations, ntegratng a County/District Battalion Chief response's proposed through a services agreement/nemorandnrn of understanding. Under the operational plan proposed by the Interim Five Chief, the two current Five Battalion Chiefs would be assigned to a forty (40) hour work week scheduled to be available to assist the Fie Chef in the variety of administrative assignments required including performing fire inspection and plan check services. A City of Vemon Battalion Chef and/or the Fie Chief himself would respond to calk requiig a Battalion Chief response during normal business hours. After hours and on weekends, a Los Angeles County Five District Battalion Chief would provide the initial response to calls rising to the level requiring the command and control of a Battalion Chief. For ongoing calls/ieidents, a City of Vernon Battalion Chief and/or the Five Chef would then also respond. City of Vemon Battalion Chiefs would be provided a C'ty vehicle to respond after hours should it be necessary. Fiscal Impact: Based on an annual call volume of between 150 and 175 calls requiring a Battalion Chief response, it 6 estimated that the cost services provided through this MOU will not exceed $30,000 for an estimated nine month period. This nominal al expenditure will be significantly offset through salary savings attained by not filling the vacant Battalion Chief position, The cost to fill the vacant Battalion Chief position for nine months is estimated to be approximately $269,700. In addition there is estimated to be savings from not back -filling the vacancy in an amount of approxnately $248,000. AGENDA APPROVED 10/15/19, SD ATTACFOvIENTS • I. Rmlution - Agreement for Fire Battalion Chief Services INSURANCE UN IN COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES Tono2oTs CERTIFICATE OF SELF-INSURANCE COVERAGE PRODUCERIINSURED This certificate is provided for informational purposes only, and does not affect. or expand any of the Counys obligations pursuant to the Agreement. This COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES Certificate also confirms that the County is not an insurance company, and that CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICE no insurance obligation or relationship exists. or will be established in any manner RISK MANAGEMENT BRANCH whatsoever eehveen the County and any individual contractoc vendor and public 3333 WILSHIRE BOULEVARD, SUITE 820 or private entitylorganbation. LOS ANGELES, CA 90010 - _ ENTITIES AFFORDING COVERAGE COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES PARTICIPATION 100% COVERAGES This Certificates of County SelfFurding Insurance ONigaton(CedifK.ate) is file County M Los Angeles (County) authorroW Statement Mat is elected to self -fund is financial obligations. This self -funding of liability is in lieu of commercial insurance coverage, and applies only to the extent permitted by Stare Law. The County is permitted to self -fund its liabilities ansirg from acts or omissions of the County, its appointed and elected officers, employees and volunteers (except actual fraud, corruption, or malice), by venue of California Government Code Sections 989-991 2, County Code 5,32 and Adcles 1 and 2 of me County Charter. The haMihies mat the County self funds in diude general, automobile, property and workers' compensation. TYPE OF INSURANCE POLICY POLICY POLICY LIMITS NUMBER EFFECTIVE EXPIRATION DATE DATE_ _ X 10212m9 t01212020 Occurence Amount - $1,000.000 Automobile Liability Aggregate Amount - $10,000,000 O Commercial General Liability 1021MO19 18212020 Occurrence Amount- $9.0W.000 Aggregate Amount - $10,000,000 OWorkers'Compensation SELF 102112019 10/212020 Occurrence Amount- Statutory Statutory Aggregate and Employers Liability INSURED DEPARTMENT OF OPERATIONSILOCATIONS County Department Fire Facility Use Agreement Dispatch Agreement CERTIFICATE HOLDER CANCELLATION SHOULD THE COUNTY ELECT TO DISCONTINUTE SELF -INSURING City Of Vernon ITS LIABILITIES, THE COUNTY WILL NOTIFY THE HOLDERS ON ITS n o Fandino. City Administrator 4'aP�adtCS a venue RISK MANAGEMENT WESSITE Vernon, CA 90058 BY STEVE ROBLES, COUNTY RISK MANAGER It11SURANCE APPROVE CITY OF VERNON RI NA 10 �-1 n DA E